The mining sector, as a major driver of economic development, plays a crucial role in supplying raw materials, creating employment opportunities, fostering regional development, and generating economic value added. Given the non-renewable nature of mineral resources and their status as public assets and national wealth, the establishment of an effective supervisory system for mining activities is essential. This study aims to identify and assess the shortcomings of Iran’s mining supervisory system and to propose appropriate reform measures. The research employs a qualitative approach based on document analysis, a review of relevant laws and regulations, an examination of existing supervisory structures, and a comparative analysis of mining oversight systems in Australia, China, and the United States. The findings reveal that Iran’s mining supervision framework faces several challenges, including the multiplicity of responsible institutions, overlapping mandates, limited human and financial resources, inadequate information infrastructure, ineffective field inspection practices, and insufficient use of emerging technologies. The comparative analysis indicates that effective supervisory systems are characterized by clearly defined responsibilities, risk-based oversight, standardized inspection procedures, data-driven management systems, rigorous qualification assessments, balanced incentive and enforcement mechanisms, and sustainable resource allocation for regulatory bodies. Accordingly, this study recommends clarifying supervisory responsibilities, developing integrated mining information systems, establishing a risk-based inspection framework, strengthening institutional technical capacity, expanding the use of advanced monitoring technologies, and enhancing enforcement mechanisms. Implementing these reforms could improve governance, transparency, safety standards, environmental protection, and the sustainable exploitation of the country's mineral resources.