Nowadays, technological and innovative capabilities are widely recognized as the fundamental pillars of international competitiveness and sustainable economic development. Their significance is particularly pronounced in the industrial sector, where they drive productivity growth, create new market opportunities, and enhance value-added production. Given these advantages, narrowing the technological gap between pioneering economies and latecomer countries, commonly referred to as technology "catch-up", has become a central concern in the literature on innovation capability development. This article aims to develop a comprehensive framework for technology catch-up tailored to the conditions faced by latecomer countries. The proposed framework is structured around four interconnected axes: the institutional environment, the technology regime, firm-level capabilities, and catch-up strategies. These four dimensions collectively outline the scope and direction of government policies and strategic interventions aimed at facilitating technology catch-up within the national innovation system. What distinguishes this framework from previous models is its integrative perspective. While earlier studies have tended to focus either narrowly on firm-level processes or broadly on national systems of innovation, this framework bridges these levels by explicitly linking macro-institutional conditions with technological regimes and firm-level strategies. As a result, it offers a coherent, actionable, and policy-oriented analytical tool that can assist developing countries in designing more effective innovation policies and fostering sustainable industrial upgrading in an increasingly competitive global economy.